Identifying the Teaching Effectiveness of School-Based Agricultural Education Teachers Who Aim to Increase their Human Capital
Keywords:
School Based Agricultural Education, Teacher EducationAbstract
Teaching effectiveness is an elusive, difficult to gauge concept, especially in career and technical education. This exploratory study was undergirded by the human capital theory and the effective teaching model for SBAE teachers. The purpose of this study was to identify the overall effectiveness of SBAE teachers aiming to improve their human capital by attending professional development at the 2020 NAAE conference. Composite effectiveness scores on the effective teaching instrument for school-based agricultural education teachers (ETI-SBAE) ranged from 59 to 98, out of 104, with a mean score of 81.54 overall. Work-life balance was found to be the component of greatest concern, followed by SAE supervision. Female SBAE teachers were found to be more effective than their male counterparts in this self-reported study. Determining effectiveness using the ETI-SBAE allows teachers to reflect upon their current human capital, ultimately guiding professional development opportunities to improve their effectiveness. SBAE stakeholders responsible for developing professional development workshops should consider the needs of their target audience and be purposeful in the offerings provided, as needs of SBAE teachers vary across a wide spectrum of personal and professional characteristics.
References
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2007). Problems faced by high school agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 48(2), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2007.02036
Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2009). An assessment of problems faced by high school agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 50(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2009.01021
Clemons, C., Hall, M., & Lindner, J. (2021). What is the real cost of professional success? A qualitative analysis of work and life balance in agriscience education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(1), 95-113. http://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01095
Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Evaluating teacher effectiveness: How teacher performance assessments can measure and improve teaching. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education–k– 12/reports/2010/10/19/8502/evaluating–teacher–effectiveness/
Desimone, L. M. (2011). A primer on effective professional development. Phi delta kappan,
92(6), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003172171109200616
Easterly, R. G. T., & Myers, B. E. (2019). Professional development engagement and career satisfaction of agriscience teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(2), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.02069
Eck, C. J., Robinson, J. S., Ramsey, J. W., & Cole. K. L. (2019). Identifying the characteristics of an effective agricultural education teacher: A national study. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.04001.
Eck, C. J., Robinson, J. S., Cole, K. L., Terry Jr., R., & Ramsey, J. W. (2020). Validation of the effective teaching instrument for school-based agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(4), 229–248. http://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04229
Edwards, M. C., & Briers, G. E. (2001). Cooperating teachers’ perceptions of important elements of the student teaching experience: A focus group approach with quantitative follow-up. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42(3), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2001.03030
Farrell, T. S. C. (2015). It’s not who you are! It’s how you teach! Critical competencies associated with effective teaching. RELC Journal, 46(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688214568096
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.
Field, A. (2014). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage.
Heckman, J. L. (2000). Invest in the very young. Chicago, IL: Ounce of Prevention Fund. http://www.ounceofprevention.org/downloads/publications/Heckman.pdf
Kane, T. J., & Staiger, D. O. (2008). Estimating teacher impacts on student achievement: An experimental evaluation. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 14607. https://doi.org/10.3386/w14607
Little, J. W. (2003). Inside teacher community: Representations of classroom practice. Teachers College Record, 105(6), 913–945.
https://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=11544
McDonald, R. P. (1997). Haldane’s lungs: A case study in path analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3201_1
Murray, K., Flowers, J., Croom, B., & Wilson, B. (2011). The agricultural teacher’s struggle for balance between career and family. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.1999.01038
National FFA Organization. (2015). Agricultural education. https://www.ffa.org/agricultural-education/
National Research Council. (2000). How people learn. National Academy Press.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Privitera, G. J. (2020). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Roberts, T. G., & Dyer, J. E. (2004). Characteristics of effective agriculture teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 45(4), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2004.04082
Schultz, T. W. (1971). Investment in human capital: The role of education and of research. The Free Press.
Smith, E. (2010). Sector–specific human capital and the distribution of earnings. Journal of Human Capital, 4(1), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/655467
Smylie, M. A. (1996). From bureaucratic control to building human capital: The importance of teacher learning in education reform. Educational Researcher, 25(9), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X025009009
Sorensen, T. J., McKim, A. J., & Velez, J. J. (2016). A national study of work-family balance and job satisfaction among agriculture teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 57(4), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2016.04146
Spenner, K. I., (1985). The upgrading and downgrading of occupations: Issues, evidence, and implications for education. Review of Educational Research, 55(2), 125–154. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170188
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J., & Grant, L. W. (2011). What makes good teachers good? A cross- case analysis of the connection between teacher effectiveness and student achievement.
Journal of Teacher Education, 62(4), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487111404241 Terry, R., Jr., & Briers, G. E. (2010). Roles of the secondary agriculture teacher. In R. Torres, T. Kitchel, & A. Ball (Eds.), Preparing and advancing teachers in agricultural education (pp. 86-98). Columbus: Curriculum Materials Service, The Ohio State University.
Torres, R. M., Ulmer, J. D., & Aschenbrener, M. S. (2008). Workload distribution among agriculture teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(2), 75–87. https://doi.org10.5032/jae.2008.02075
Traini, H. Q., Yopp, A. M., & Roberts, R. (2020). The success trap: A case study of early career agricultural education teachers’ conceptualizations of work-life balance. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(4), 175-188. http://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04175
Wright, S. P., Horn, S. P., & Sanders, W. L. (1997). Teacher and classroom context effects on student achievement: Implications for teacher evaluation. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 11(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007999204543